bakes dry on exposed intertidal rocks
- Size
- Length: 10–30 cm
- Lifespan
- 1–2 years
- Diet
- Photosynthetic. Draws energy from sunlight and nutrients from surrounding water. Requires clean water and good flow.
- Habitat
- High to mid-intertidal zone on exposed rocky shores, where waves splash and rocks bake dry between tides in full sun.
- Range
- Found throughout the North and South Islands on rocky shores in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. Most common on exposed and semi-exposed coastlines. Also found in Australia, Chile, and subantarctic islands.
- Endemism
- Native
- Main Threats
- None significant. Localised threats include coastal development, pollution, rock pool disturbance, and climate change affecting intertidal conditions.
- Population
- Not Threatened. Common on rocky shores throughout New Zealand, particularly in exposed and semi-exposed locations in the upper intertidal zone.
- Conservation Status
- Not Threatened
- Human Risk
- harmless
- Handling Note
- marine algae, edible species safe to handle
- Conservation Note
- Native red algae; not assessed by NZTCS as marine algae are outside the scope of current threat classifications.
- Te Ao Māori
- No recorded Māori name distinguishes the red sea lettuce from other red seaweeds. It was likely grouped with other edible seaweeds called karengo. Karengo was a traditional food of coastal Māori. Harvested from rocks at low tide. Dried in the sun. Stored for winter. It was eaten raw or cooked. Mixed with other foods. Or used as a seasoning. It was rich in nutrients. Easy to gather. Available all year round. Harvesting karengo was a skilled task. The harvester had to know the right time of year. The right stage of the tide. And the right rocks to visit.
Thin, crinkly, translucent fronds. Like a sheet of red cellophane or discarded wrapping paper. Pyropia columbina is the delicate one. It is a single cell thick in places. So fragile that you can tear it with your fingers. It clings to rocks in small patches. Its edges flutter in the current. It looks like it should be torn to pieces by the first wave.
But despite that delicate appearance, this is a survivor of the intertidal zone. It can withstand hours of exposure to sun and air at low tide. Its fronds dry to a crisp. When the tide returns, it rehydrates within minutes. Turning soft and pliable again. A resurrection plant of the sea. Able to survive the daily cycle of drowning and drying.
The colour is not exactly red. More reddish-purple. Sometimes brownish. Depending on light and season. The pigment phycoerythrin captures blue-green light that penetrates deepest into the water. Allowing red sea lettuce to grow at depths where green seaweeds cannot survive.
The life cycle is complex. The leafy stage produces spores that bore into the shells of mussels and barnacles. Growing into a network of filaments. Those filaments produce another type of spore. Which grows into the leafy stage. A two-step dance that has worked for millions of years.
Red sea lettuce is the New Zealand relative of nori. The seaweed used to wrap sushi. It is rich in vitamins and minerals. With a salty, slightly sweet flavour. Eaten fresh, dried, or cooked. It was a traditional food of coastal Māori. Harvested from rocks and dried for winter. To find a patch at low tide is to find a flash of colour on dark rock. Thin, crinkly fronds flutter in the wind. Red edges catching light. It looks delicate. Fragile. Almost insubstantial. But it can dry to a crisp and come back to life with the next tide. The delicate one. The thin one. The one that refuses to be torn apart. Not Threatened. Common on rocky shores throughout New Zealand. Particularly in exposed and semi-exposed locations in the upper intertidal zone.