The smallest kōwhai species. A tree that never grows up. It retains its shrubby, divaricating (tangled) form throughout its life. It has small, light green leaves composed of many tiny leaflets. The bright yellow, hanging flowers appear in spring. Unlike other kōwhai species, it often grows as a low, spreading shrub rather than a tree, reaching only 1 to 2 metres in height. A kōwhai that stays low. The divaricating growth form is a dense tangle of interlacing branches. This structure protects the plant from browsing by moa (now extinct) and other animals. The small leaves are hidden among the branches, making it difficult for browsers to reach them. This adaptation evolved in response to browsing pressure from moa, which were large, flightless birds that lived in New Zealand until about 500 years ago. A defence against a ghost. The flowers are typical of kōwhai, bright yellow and hanging in clusters. They appear in spring, often before the new leaves emerge. The flowers are pollinated by birds, particularly tūī and bellbirds. The seeds are contained in dry pods that split open when ripe. A tree that blooms before it leafs. The species is restricted to dry, rocky areas of the eastern South Island. It grows on limestone outcrops, river terraces, and coastal cliffs, often in sites that are too dry for other shrubs. It is tolerant of extreme conditions, including drought, wind, and frost. A tree that lives where others cannot. Prostrate kōwhai is used in horticulture as an ornamental shrub. Its tangled form and bright flowers make it a striking addition to dry gardens. It is hardy and requires little maintenance once established. The limestone outcrop is dry. The kōwhai sprawls, tangled branches low to the ground, yellow flowers bright against the grey rock. The moa are gone. The defence remains. Evolution rarely revises the draft.