small silver fish, big commercial catch

Size
Length: 15–20 cm, Weight: 50–100 g
Lifespan
3–5 years
Diet
Plankton, small crustaceans and fish eggs. Lives in open water, forming dense, shimmering schools that can stretch for kilometres. A surface schooler, found from warm northern harbours to cool southern bays.
Habitat
Open water, forming dense, shimmering schools that can stretch for kilometres. From warm northern harbours to cool southern bays. If the water is blue and the tide is right, the pilchards are usually there.
Range
Worldwide. In New Zealand, found throughout the North and South Islands in open water, from harbours to open coast. Most common in inshore waters, forming large surface schools. Also found in Australia, South Africa and South America.
Endemism
Native
Main Threats
Viral outbreaks are the primary threat, with a major population crash in the 1990s caused by a viral disease. Climate change affecting water temperature and plankton distribution. Overfishing in some areas.
Population
Not Threatened, though populations crashed dramatically in the 1990s due to a viral outbreak. They have since recovered, but the crash was a stark reminder of how quickly a baitfish population can collapse.
Conservation Status
Not Threatened
The silver shimmer of the sea. Pilchards are small. They rarely grow longer than a hand. But they travel in schools so dense that they turn the water black from above. This is a defence mechanism. A predator cannot pick out a single fish in a crowd of millions. They are the living glitter of the ocean surface. A fish that hides in numbers. Filter-feeders with tiny mouths. Pilchards swim with their mouths open. They strain microscopic plankton and algae from the water using fine, comb-like gill rakers. This makes them a direct link between the sun's energy and the rest of the food web. Everything eats pilchards. Kahawai, kingfish, gannets, penguins, seals and even the giant baleen whales that visit the coasts. A fish that feeds the ocean. The pilchard is also the fish that Kiwis do not eat but probably should. It is cheap, sustainable and packed with healthy oils. But it has a strong, fishy flavour that turns off modern palates. Most of the pilchards caught in New Zealand are turned into fishmeal. Or they are used as bait for lobster pots. A fish that is more useful dead than eaten. To eat a pilchard is to eat like grandparents did. Fried whole, crispy and salty. Served on toast with a squeeze of lemon. It is the forgotten fish. The one that feeds the ocean but barely feeds the people. The mohimohi was a vital food source for Māori. They caught them using large fine-mesh nets. Or they attracted them with fires lit on the beach at night. The school swirls beneath the surface. Millions of silver bodies turn as one. The net comes down. The pilchards are hauled aboard. They are destined for the fishmeal plant or the lobster pot. They do not know they are forgotten. They just swim.