climbs waterfalls, reaches the headwaters

Size
Length: 15–25 cm, Weight: 30–100 g
Lifespan
3–5 years
Diet
Aquatic insects, small crustaceans and insect larvae. Lives in steep, bouldery streams with fast, oxygen-rich water. A waterfall climber, able to climb vertical surfaces to reach headwaters above natural barriers.
Habitat
Steep, bouldery streams with fast, oxygen-rich water. From sea level up to the alpine lakes of the central North Island. If there is a waterfall, the koaro is probably above it.
Range
Throughout the North and South Islands in steep, bouldery streams with fast, oxygen-rich water. Most common in remote headwaters and trout-free zones above waterfalls and natural barriers.
Endemism
Endemic
Main Threats
Predation by introduced trout is the primary threat, wiping them out of many lowland streams. Habitat loss from stream modification and water extraction. Climate change affecting water temperature and flow.
Population
At Risk - Declining. Wiped out of many lowland streams by introduced trout which eat their babies and compete for food. Stronghold is now remote headwaters and trout-free zones above natural barriers.
Conservation Status
At Risk - Declining
The mountaineer of the fish world. This fish looks at a waterfall and goes around it. Koaro resembles a small, sleek version of the giant kokopu, with a distinct dark saddle pattern across the back. But koaro does not care about looking pretty. It cares about climbing. Using a strong, muscular body and flexible fins, it can wriggle up vertical, wet rock faces. These surfaces would stop any other fish in New Zealand. A fish that has never heard of gravity. The ability is physical. The determination is innate. The obstacle is irrelevant. Escape artists define the species. Koaro evolved this climbing ability to get away from predators in the lowlands. If a river has a waterfall, koaro can go over it, above it or around it. They often live in places where no other fish can follow. These are small, cold, high-altitude streams and lakes. They are completely fishless except for them. The pioneers of the headwaters. A fish that goes where others cannot. The isolation provides safety. The elevation offers refuge. The competition is absent. The diet is simple: bugs, bugs and more bugs. Koaro sit in the current, watching for anything drifting downstream. They snap it up in a quick, precise bite. They are also the favourite food of the kākāpō. Before the kākāpō could fly, it would waddle down to the stream at night. It feasted on spawning koaro. A fish that feeds a parrot. The relationship is historical. The predation is natural. The cycle is ancient. The connection is specific. To see a koaro is to see a survivor. It is a small, determined fish that looked at a waterfall and said, yeah, nah, I will just go around the side. The secret fish of the bush. The one found in a tiny, perfect pool at the top of a waterfall. Miles from the nearest road. The location is remote. The discovery is accidental. The presence is notable. The effort is significant. The waterfall roars. The koaro wriggles up the wet rock, fins gripping, body twisting. It climbs where no fish should be able to climb. It reaches the top. The pool is still. The koaro rests. The struggle ends. The calm begins. The survival is earned. The rest is brief. The cycle continues. It does not know it is a mountaineer. It just wanted to get upstream. The intent is simple. The execution is complex. The result is successful. The existence persists. No one told it otherwise.