ancient jawless scavenger of the deep

Size
Length: 40–60 cm, Weight: 200–500 g
Lifespan
20–30 years
Diet
Feeds on carrion, worms and small crustaceans. Burrows into dead or dying fish to eat from the inside out. Uses a tooth-covered tongue to scrape flesh. Produces thick, sticky slime to deter potential predators.
Habitat
Inhabits muddy and sandy bottoms in coastal waters from 20 to 300 metres depth. Burrows into sediment during the day. Emerges at night to scavenge. Prefers soft substrate with high organic content.
Range
Found in coastal waters of North and South Islands from Northland to Stewart Island. Most common on muddy bottoms of continental shelf. Also found in Australia and the Southwest Pacific region.
Endemism
Native
Main Threats
Bycatch in bottom trawl and set net fisheries is the primary threat. Also threatened by habitat disturbance from dredging and bottom trawling. Climate change affects deep-sea ecosystems. No targeted commercial fishery exists.
Population
Population trends are poorly understood due to burrowing behaviour and deep-water habitat. Hagfish are not targeted by commercial fishers in New Zealand. Caught occasionally as bycatch in trawl fisheries. Slime makes handling difficult.
Conservation Status
Not Threatened
One of the strangest animals in the sea. This creature has not changed in 300 million years. It has no jaws, no bones and no true eyes. Its body produces buckets of thick, sticky slime to choke predators. It feeds by burrowing into dead or dying fish. Using a tooth-covered tongue, it eats them from the inside out. This ancient creature has changed little in three hundred million years. It is a vital part of the ocean's clean-up crew. A fish that is also a worm. The body is elongated and eel-like, with no paired fins. The skin is soft and scale-less. Colour ranges from uniform pinkish-grey to brown. The mouth is a simple opening surrounded by tentacles. The tongue is covered in sharp, tooth-like structures. It has no jaws. It uses its tooth-covered tongue to scrape flesh from dead or dying fish. It burrows into the body cavity and eats from the inside out. It is a scavenger, not a predator. When threatened, it produces thick, sticky slime from glands along its body. The slime expands in water, clogging the gills of predators. A single hagfish can produce enough slime to fill a bucket. It is a vital part of the ocean's clean-up crew. It consumes dead and dying fish, recycling their nutrients back into the ecosystem. Without hagfish, the seafloor would be littered with carcasses. The deep sea floor is dark. The hagfish burrows into a dead fish, eating from the inside out, tooth-covered tongue scraping. It does not know it is a living fossil. It does not know it has not changed in 300 million years. It just wants to eat the dead.