wide black disc, stings without warning
- Size
- Length: 200–420 cm, Weight: 350 kg
- Lifespan
- 20–30 years
- Diet
- Carnivorous. Feeds on bivalves, crustaceans, small fish and worms. Flaps its wing-like fins to uncover buried prey. Crushes shells with powerful jaw plates. Feeds mostly at night in shallow waters.
- Habitat
- Sandy and muddy bottoms in shallow coastal waters, harbours and estuaries. Often buried during the day with only eyes and tail visible. Prefers sheltered areas with soft sediment and calm currents.
- Range
- Found in coastal waters of the North and South Islands. Most common in harbours, estuaries and sandy bays from Northland to the Catlins. Also found in Australia and South Africa.
- Endemism
- Native
- Main Threats
- Bycatch in bottom trawl and set net fisheries is the primary threat. Also threatened by habitat loss from coastal development and dredging, water quality degradation in estuaries and targeted fishing by some recreational fishers.
- Population
- Populations are considered stable but localised declines have occurred in heavily fished estuaries. The species is highly vulnerable to bottom trawling due to its shallow habitat preference. Requires better catch reporting.
- Conservation Status
- Not Threatened
Silent shadow of the sandy seafloor. This ray hides in the sand. It buries itself during the day with only its eyes and venomous tail spine exposed. Its powerful jaws can crush the hardest shells. This gentle giant rarely attacks unless stepped on or threatened. The Māori name Whai repo means swamp ray, referring to its estuarine home. A ray that is a ghost in the sand. The concealment is total. The presence is subtle. The danger is latent.
The body is flattened and diamond-shaped. Wing-like pectoral fins undulate as it swims. The tail is long and slender, armed with one or two serrated, venomous spines. The colour is a uniform dark brown or grey. It provides camouflage against the sand and mud. The eyes are set high on the head. This allows the ray to see above while buried. The morphology supports the habit. The vision is upward. The movement is fluid.
It spends its days buried in the sand. Only its eyes and the tip of its tail are visible. It breathes by drawing water in through spiracles. These are small holes behind the eyes. It expels water through its gills. This allows it to stay buried without inhaling sand. The mechanism is efficient. The respiration is continuous. The stillness is maintained.
At night, it emerges to hunt. It flaps its fins to stir up the sediment. This uncovers buried clams, worms and crabs. It crushes the shells with its powerful jaws. These are equipped with grinding plates instead of teeth. The feeding is mechanical. The prey is hard-shelled. The digestion is internal. The energy gain is significant.
The tail spine is used only for defence. When threatened, the ray raises its tail and lashes out. It drives the serrated spine into the attacker. The spine is covered in venomous tissue. The wound is extremely painful. Stingrays are not aggressive. They only strike when stepped on or cornered. The reaction is reflexive. The intent is protective. The consequence is severe.
In New Zealand, the black stingray is a common resident of harbours and estuaries. The estuary is shallow. The stingray buries itself in the sand. Only its eyes watch. A footstep approaches. The ray does not strike. It waits. It is a gentle giant, harmless if left alone. The tail spine is a warning. It is not a weapon. The coexistence is possible. The caution is required. The respect is earned. No one told it otherwise.