Farmers hate it. Not because it is rare. Because it spreads. The pig fern dominates disturbed ground and forest margins across New Zealand. Its large triangular fronds reach up to two metres in height creating dense thickets that block paths. Pigs root through the rhizomes seeking starchy cores, hence the name. The species inhabits disturbed ground forest margins and regenerating scrub across New Zealand. It prefers open sites with high light levels and minimal competition. Unlike forest ferns that require shade, pig fern dominates cleared areas. Fronds are large and triangular, divided into many small leaflets that create a lacy appearance. Spores are produced on the underside of fertile fronds in small round clusters called sori. These spores are released into the air, drifting on wind currents until they land on suitable substrate. Diet consists of nutrients obtained through photosynthesis and absorption from soil via extensive rhizome systems. The fern does not consume organic matter directly but rather extracts minerals and water from surrounding substrate. This autotrophic lifestyle allows it to thrive in nutrient-poor soils where other plants struggle. The rhizomes spread horizontally underground sending up new fronds at intervals creating vast clonal colonies. Classified as Not Threatened, pig fern remains widespread throughout New Zealand. Populations are stable in suitable habitat. However the species is sensitive to shade. When forests regenerate and canopy closes pig fern declines rapidly. Its presence signals intact disturbance regimes and suitable light levels. Conservation efforts focus on managing pig fern in agricultural settings where it competes with pasture grasses. Control methods include cutting grazing and herbicide application though complete eradication is difficult due to deep rhizome systems.