Photosynthesis drives it. Not consumption. The hard todea obtains energy from sunlight and nutrients from soil via shallow root systems. This autotrophic lifestyle allows it to thrive in nutrient-poor soils where other plants struggle. It reaches about 80 centimetres in height with broad leathery fronds that resist drying out. The species inhabits damp shaded gullies and stream banks in native forests throughout New Zealand. It prefers moist fertile soils with high humidity, thriving where rainfall is consistent and drainage is good. Fronds are broad and leathery, coloured dark green. Spores are produced on the underside of fertile fronds in small round clusters called sori. These spores are released into the air, drifting on wind currents until they land on suitable substrate. Classified as Not Threatened, hard todea remains widespread throughout New Zealand. Populations are stable in suitable forest habitat. However the species is sensitive to habitat disturbance. When forests are logged or modified, populations decline rapidly. Its presence signals intact mycorrhizal networks and healthy forest ecosystems. Conservation efforts focus on protecting remaining native forests from logging and development to maintain these critical underground connections.