Photosynthesis drives it. Not consumption. The bristle fern obtains energy from sunlight and nutrients from rainwater and rock weathering. This lithophytic adaptation allows it to thrive in nutrient-poor environments where other plants struggle. It reaches about 15 centimetres in height with narrow bristly fronds that resist drying out. The species inhabits damp shaded areas in native forests throughout New Zealand. It prefers high humidity and shaded conditions, thriving where rainfall is consistent and airflow is limited. Fronds are small and densely packed, coloured dark green. Spores are produced on the underside of fertile fronds in small round clusters called sori. These spores are released into the air, drifting on wind currents until they land on suitable rock substrate. Classified as Not Threatened, bristle fern remains widespread throughout New Zealand. Populations are stable in suitable forest habitat. However the species is sensitive to habitat disturbance. When forests are logged or modified, populations decline rapidly. Its presence signals intact mycorrhizal networks and healthy forest ecosystems. Conservation efforts focus on protecting remaining native forests from logging and development to maintain these critical underground connections.