lost to rats on big south cape island

Size
Length: about 23 cm, Wt: about 110 g
Lifespan
Extinct
Diet
Probed leaf litter and soil for earthworms insect larvae and small invertebrates. Diet inferred from closely related living snipe as no direct records survive.
Habitat
Forest scrub and vegetated ground on predator-free islands. Avoided open coastal areas. Probably used dense lowland forest with deep leaf litter for probing.
Range
Formerly South Island and Stewart Island. Last refuge was Taukihepa (Big South Cape Island) off Stewart Island. Extinct after rats arrived there in 1964.
Endemism
Endemic
Main Threats
Extinct. Final population on Taukihepa was wiped out by ship rats within a few years of their arrival in 1964. A rescue attempt recovered only two birds.
Population
Extinct since 1964 when ship rats arrived on Taukihepa. The rescue attempt recovered only two birds; no captive breeding succeeded and no populations survive.
Conservation Status
Extinct
Human Risk
harmless
Handling Note
extinct species, historical record only
Conservation Note
Endemic snipe extinct since early 20th century; last recorded on Stewart Island.
Assessment
NZTCS Birds (2021)
Te Ao Māori
To Māori the hakawai the night display call of Coenocorypha snipe occupied a significant place in oral tradition as a sound from the unseen world. Arriving from an invisible source in the darkness above the forest it was described as terrifying and awe-inspiring associated with spiritual presence rather than a physical bird. Tutukiwi was known to those who worked Taukihepa as a muttonbird island. Its loss in the 1960s was the silencing of a sound that Māori had known long before any European recorded it and which carried meanings that no field note fully captures. The voice represented mystery. Its absence marked loss. The tradition persists. The bird does not.
In 1964 rats arrived on Taukihepa a muttonbird island south-west of Stewart Island. The South Island snipe was already confined to this one location after being eliminated everywhere else. Two birds were caught in a last rescue attempt. Neither bred in captivity. The species was gone within a few years of the rats coming ashore. The end was swift. The effort was futile. The loss was total. The isolation that protected it became its trap. The refuge became the grave. The silence followed quickly. Tutukiwi was like all New Zealand snipe a bird that had abandoned the coastal mudflats normally associated with waders and moved into the forest interior. It probed leaf litter and soil for earthworms and invertebrates with a long sensitive bill relying on touch rather than vision in much the same manner as a kiwi. Compared to most waders it was slow-moving and sedentary perfectly adapted to an environment without mammalian ground predators. That adaptation was excellent for everything except rats which are neither slow nor sedentary and which arrived on Taukihepa with no particular agenda beyond eating whatever was available. The mismatch was fatal. The predator was efficient. The prey was vulnerable. The outcome was inevitable. Its prehistoric range covered the South Island and Stewart Island with subfossil remains indicating abundance far beyond its final refuge. Human arrival compressed that range steadily before European settlement added further pressure. By the time detailed records were kept the species was restricted to a handful of offshore islands. Taukihepa used by Māori for centuries as a tītī harvesting site held the last viable population though nobody knew at the time that it was also the last anywhere. The contraction was gradual. The final stand was isolated. The awareness came too late. The history was written in bones. The present was empty. Muttonbirders knew the snipe's aerial display as the hakawai: an unseen descending call given at night during courtship the bird invisible against the dark sky. Māori understood this as the voice of a spirit bird powerful and without physical form. It was not supernatural. It was a small wader performing a display flight in complete darkness the sound arriving before any visual impression was possible. The hakawai over Taukihepa stopped in the late 1960s noticed first as an absence rather than an event. The voice ceased. The spirit faded. The night became quiet. The loss was auditory. The silence was heavy. What remains is the record of the attempt. Don Merton and Wildlife Service staff on the island in 1964 catching two birds shipping them out watching them fail to breed and documenting what came after. The South Island snipe is New Zealand's most recent documented bird extinction. It did not go gradually. It went in the years following a ship arriving with rats that had nowhere particular to be on an island whose isolation the only protection the snipe had left became the last thing it had to lose. The story is simple. The tragedy is absolute. The lesson is clear. No one told it otherwise.