nests on the snares island cliffs

Size
Length: 85-95 cm, Weight: 3.0-4.0 kg
Lifespan
30-40 years
Diet
Carnivorous - feeds on fish squid and crustaceans. Follows fishing vessels for discards and offal. Forages by surface-seizing and shallow diving.
Habitat
Open subantarctic and temperate oceans. Breeds on steep coastal cliffs and rocky headlands of remote islands nesting on exposed ledges.
Range
Breeds on Bounty Islands and Western Chain of Snares Islands New Zealand. Forages across Southern Ocean from Australia to South America.
Endemism
Endemic
Main Threats
Incidental bycatch in longline and trawl fisheries particularly outside breeding season. Climate change affecting prey distribution and breeding success.
Population
Global population estimated at 25000-30000 breeding pairs. Breeds on Bounty Islands and Western Chain of Snares. Classified as Vulnerable by IUCN.
Conservation Status
Nationally Vulnerable
Human Risk
harmless
Handling Note
seabird, do not approach or disturb on nesting grounds
Conservation Note
Endemic mollymawk; breeds on Bounty Islands and Solander Island, threatened by fisheries bycatch.
Assessment
NZTCS Birds (2021)
Te Ao Māori
Toroa is the general Māori name for mollymawks and great albatrosses. Salvin's mollymawk breeding on the remote Bounty Islands represents the wildest places in New Zealand's realm. These islands are of spiritual significance to Ngāi Tahu. They represent the southern boundary of their ancestral territory. The bird's isolation reflects the remoteness of these sites. It embodies the spirit of the far south. Connection is elemental. The toroa are chiefly birds in Māori tradition. This one is more secretive than most. More remote. More unknown.
A mollymawk that breeds on some of the most inaccessible islands in New Zealand. It chooses solitude over convenience. Salvin's mollymawk nests on the Bounty Islands. A cluster of granite rocks sits in the subantarctic. Waves crash constantly. The wind never stops. The islands are bare of soil. No freshwater exists. No shelter is available. Just rock and birds. The environment is hostile. The bird persists. Plumage follows the typical mollymawk pattern. Dark grey back. White underparts. Dark tail. The head is pale grey fading to white on the throat. The bill is black with a bright yellow ridge and an orange tip. Underwing is white with a broad dark trailing edge. It looks very similar to the white-capped mollymawk. Differences are subtle. Identification requires close observation. Distinction is visible in good light. Feeding focuses on fish squid and crustaceans. Fishing vessels are followed for discards and offal. Like all albatrosses it is vulnerable to longline bycatch. Hooks set near the surface catch mollymawks as easily as tuna. Thousands die that way each year. The association with industry is fatal. The bird seeks food. The hook offers death. The choice is not really a choice. Flight is typical mollymawk. Flaps and glides. Efficient and direct. Enormous distances are covered with minimal effort. Wings lock. The bird leans into the wind. An albatross does not fly. It sails. Mastery of the wind replaces muscular effort. The technique is ancient. It remains effective. Stability is achieved through motion. Stillness is not an option over open water. Breeding takes place on the Bounty Islands and the Western Chain of the Snares. The nest is a pedestal of mud and vegetation. On the Bounty Islands there is no mud. Birds build from whatever they can find. Pebbles. Bones. Feathers. A single egg is laid. Both parents share incubation duties. The chick takes four months to fledge. The investment is slow. Albatrosses do not rush anything. Patience is a survival strategy. The Bounty Islands are tiny. A few hectares of rock. No soil. No freshwater. Birds raise their chicks on a surface that seems impossible. They do it anyway because they have no choice. Adaptation to barren ground is total. The lack of resources drives innovation. Nest construction becomes an act of scavenging. Osbert Salvin gives the species its name. He was a nineteenth-century English naturalist. He never saw this species. His name was attached anyway. Taxonomic honours often outpace observation. The name persists regardless of personal experience. History is embedded in nomenclature. Population is declining slowly. Bycatch is the main threat. Longline fisheries in the Southern Ocean catch hundreds each year. Birds cannot breed fast enough. The math is simple. The outcome is grim. In New Zealand Salvin's mollymawk is a bird of the deep south. It rarely comes north of the subantarctic. A few birds turn up off the South Island coast each winter. Wandering birds. Curious birds. Lost birds. They do not stay. The pull of the south is strong. The islands remain the centre. The ocean is the periphery. The bird carries on.