circles the cold antarctic waters

Size
Length: 75-85 cm, Weight: 3.0-4.0 kg
Lifespan
30-40 years
Diet
Carnivorous. Feeds on fish, squid, and krill. Follows fishing vessels for offal and discards. Forages by surface-seizing and shallow diving.
Habitat
Open subantarctic and Antarctic oceans, particularly near the Antarctic Convergence. Breeds on steep coastal cliffs and rocky headlands of remote islands.
Range
Circumpolar in subantarctic and Antarctic waters. Breeds on islands including South Georgia, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Campbell, and Antipodes. Widespread at sea.
Endemism
Native
Main Threats
Incidental bycatch in longline and trawl fisheries. Climate change affecting prey distribution and breeding success. Historically harvested for feathers.
Population
Global population estimated at 200,000-300,000 breeding pairs, declining. Classified as Vulnerable by IUCN due to bycatch and climate change. New Zealand breeds on Campbell and Antipodes Islands.
Conservation Status
Nationally Vulnerable
Human Risk
harmless
Handling Note
seabird, do not approach or disturb on nesting grounds
Conservation Note
Native mollymawk; breeds on subantarctic islands and threatened by fisheries bycatch.
Assessment
NZTCS Birds (2021)
Te Ao Māori
Toroa is the general Māori name for mollymawks and great albatrosses. These chiefly birds symbolise the connection between land and sea. They link earth and sky. The grey-headed mollymawk breeds on Campbell and Antipodes Islands. It represents the subantarctic wilderness. It also highlights the threats facing Southern Ocean seabirds. Climate change and fishing are the main dangers. The bird is a marker of health. Its decline signals broader issues. The cultural respect is deep. The conservation need is urgent. The community watches. It waits for change.
An albatross with a pale grey head and a dark grey back. The combination makes it look like it is wearing a hood. This is the grey-headed mollymawk. It is medium-sized and elegant. It is also increasingly rare. It breeds on remote islands and ranges across the Southern Ocean. It does not come to land often. The visits are brief. They are necessary. The bill is black with bright yellow ridges. An orange tip marks the end. The eye is dark. The head is pale grey. It fades to white on the throat. In flight, the underwing is white. A broad dark trailing edge runs along the back. A dark triangle sits at the shoulder. These markings identify the bird. They distinguish it from its cousins. It feeds on fish, squid, and krill. It follows fishing vessels for discards. Like all albatrosses, it is vulnerable to longline bycatch. The hooks kill thousands each year. The loss is steady. It is unsustainable. The flight is typical mollymawk. It flaps and glides. The motion is efficient and direct. It covers enormous distances with minimal effort. A grey-headed mollymawk tagged with a satellite tracker was recorded flying 3,000 kilometres in a week. The distance is vast. The effort is hidden. Breeding takes it to remote islands. The nest is a pedestal of mud and vegetation. It is built on a cliff ledge or a steep slope. A single egg is laid. Both parents share incubation. They take shifts of up to two weeks. The chick takes four months to fledge. The wait is long. The risk is high. The species breeds on islands around the Southern Ocean. South Georgia, the Prince Edward Islands, the Crozets, and Kerguelen are key sites. In New Zealand, it uses Campbell and Antipodes Islands. The population is declining everywhere. The decline is driven by bycatch and climate change. Warming seas shift prey distribution. The birds have to fly further to find food. They return to their colonies in poorer condition. They breed less successfully. On Campbell Island, the population has declined by more than 50 per cent in recent decades. The numbers are not encouraging. The birds keep returning. They keep trying. That is all they can do. The name 'chrysostoma' means golden mouth. It refers to the yellow bill. The bird's mouth is not golden. The bill is. A small mistranslation that stuck. It persists in the literature. The toroa are chiefly birds. They are respected in Māori tradition. This one is in trouble. It needs help. The assistance is slow to arrive. The threats remain. It carries on.