nests on campbell island steep cliffs

Size
Length: 80-90 cm, Weight: 3.2-4.5 kg
Lifespan
30-40 years
Diet
Carnivorous - feeds on fish, squid, and krill. Follows fishing vessels for offal and discards. Forages by surface-seizing and shallow diving.
Habitat
Open subantarctic and temperate oceans. Breeds on steep coastal cliffs and grassy headlands of Campbell Island, nesting in dense colonies on exposed ridges.
Range
Endemic to New Zealand. Breeds only on Campbell Island and nearby islets. Forages across the Southern Ocean from Australia to Antarctica, primarily between 40°S and 60°S.
Endemism
Endemic
Main Threats
Incidental bycatch in longline and trawl fisheries. Climate change affecting prey distribution. The restricted breeding range increases extinction risk from catastrophic events.
Population
Global population estimated at 25,000-30,000 breeding pairs, restricted entirely to Campbell Island and surrounding islets. Classified as Nationally Vulnerable by DOC.
Conservation Status
Nationally Vulnerable
Human Risk
harmless
Handling Note
seabird, do not approach or disturb on nesting grounds
Conservation Note
Endemic mollymawk; breeds on Campbell Island and Auckland Islands, threatened by fisheries bycatch.
Assessment
NZTCS Birds (2021)
Te Ao Māori
Toroa is the general Māori name for mollymawks and great albatrosses. The Campbell black-browed mollymawk, breeding only on Campbell Island (Māori: Motu Ihupuku), is part of the subantarctic heritage of Ngāi Tahu. The name Motu Ihupuku refers to the place of the elephant seal, reflecting the rich wildlife of these southern islands, which hold deep spiritual and ancestral significance. The island's isolation preserves this heritage.
An albatross with a single address. The Campbell black-browed mollymawk breeds on Campbell Island and nowhere else. One island. A few hundred square kilometres. That is its entire world. Everything else is the open ocean, and that ocean is enormous. The restriction is absolute. The bird does not negotiate this boundary. It looks very similar to the more widespread black-browed mollymawk. Dark eyebrow. White eye. Yellow bill with an orange tip. The differences are subtle. Slightly larger. Slightly paler on the underwing. A different voice. For years, ornithologists argued about whether it was a separate species. The bird did not participate in the debate. Taxonomy is a human concern. Survival is a biological one. The distinction matters for conservation, not for the bird. Feeding focuses on fish, squid, and krill. Range extends across the Southern Ocean to the Antarctic coast. It follows fishing vessels. It takes discards. It also gets caught on longline hooks. Bycatch is the main threat, as it is for most albatrosses. The association with industry is fatal. The bird seeks food. The hook offers death. The choice is not really a choice. Flight is typical mollymawk. Flaps and glides. Efficient rather than graceful. In high winds, it barely moves its wings at all, locking them and leaning into the gusts. That is not flying. That is sailing. The albatross has been doing it longer than humans have been building boats. Mastery of the wind replaces muscular effort. The technique is ancient. It remains effective. The colony on Campbell Island is enormous. Tens of thousands of birds pack onto steep coastal slopes. Each pair defends a tiny patch of grass or mud. The noise is constant. The smell is unforgettable. A single egg is laid. Both parents share incubation. The chick takes four months to fledge. The investment is slow. Albatrosses do not rush anything. Patience is a survival strategy. Campbell Island is rat-free. A massive eradication programme in the early 2000s removed every rodent from the island. The mollymawks responded. They started breeding on lower slopes, in areas that rats once made uninhabitable. The population is increasing. Slowly. Recovery follows removal. The ecosystem breathes again when the pressure lifts. The name impavida means fearless. It comes from the bird's behaviour at the nest. A Campbell mollymawk defending its chick does not retreat. It stands its ground. It hisses. It strikes with its bill. A researcher who gets too close will be hit. Hard. The bird is not large. It does not need to be. Aggression compensates for size. Defence is active. In New Zealand waters, this species is confined to the subantarctic. It rarely ventures north of the Campbell Plateau. A few birds turn up off the South Island each winter. Wandering birds. Curious birds. Lost birds. They do not stay. The pull of the south is strong. The island remains the centre. The ocean is the periphery. The bird carries on.