nocturnal duck, fiercely territorial
- Size
- Length: 45–50 cm, Weight: 0.5–0.7 kg
- Lifespan
- 5–8 years
- Diet
- Omnivorous – feeds on aquatic invertebrates, molluscs, crustaceans, seeds, and small fish. Dabbles in shallow water and probes into mud, often feeding at night. Prefers forested wetlands and forages under overhanging vegetation.
- Habitat
- Wetland edges, swampy forests, and damp pasture. Prefers shallow, freshwater wetlands with dense vegetation for cover, including raupō, sedges, and flax, where they hide during the day before emerging to feed at night.
- Range
- Found in scattered locations throughout the North Island, with strongholds in Northland, Waikato, and the Coromandel. Also present on Great Barrier Island and a few South Island sanctuaries.
- Endemism
- Endemic
- Main Threats
- Predation by rats, stoats, ferrets, cats, and harriers is the primary threat, particularly to nesting females. Also threatened by habitat loss from wetland drainage and hybridisation with introduced mallards.
- Population
- A one-country duck endemic to New Zealand. Populations have rebounded from a low of around 1000 birds in the 1990s to several thousand today due to intensive predator control and captive breeding releases.
- Conservation Status
- At Risk - Recovering
New Zealand's rarest dabbling duck is a creature that was too trusting. It evolved in a world that played fair, without stoats or rats, and spent millions of years assuming the night was safe. That assumption no longer holds. The pāteke has been forced into a graveyard-shift lifestyle, hiding in dense swamp-grass by day and emerging only after dark to forage. A duck that had to change its habits to survive.
Visually, the bird is not trying to win beauty pageants. It is a sensible, mottled brown, decorated with a subtle white eye-ring that gives it a look of permanent surprise. Males develop a green gloss on their heads during the breeding season. Females remain strictly mud-coloured. This is not a stylistic choice. It is a survival strategy to avoid being eaten while sitting on nests. Camouflage is the only defence that works when you cannot fly away fast enough.
The reason this duck still exists is due to massive, expensive intervention. Programmes on Great Barrier Island have acted as a biological engine, pumping out captive-reared birds for release into managed safe zones on the mainland. The numbers have shifted from a terrifying low of 1,000 birds in the 1990s to a few thousand today. Scientists use the word recovering. It is a fragile victory. The trend is upward, but the margin for error remains thin.
The threats have not left. We have just built a few fences. Wetlands are drained. Cats patrol the margins. The pāteke hides in the remaining grass, waiting for night. It does not know it is recovering. It does not know it is fragile. It operates on instinct, not statistics. The predator control programmes are effective, but they require constant human effort. Nature does not maintain these sanctuaries on its own.
It persists in the wet margins, a small, brown ghost of the wetlands that refuses to clock out for good. The spatulate bill probes the mud for worms, snails, and aquatic gunk. The white eye-ring catches the moonlight. The bird moves quietly through the raupō and sedges. It is a nocturnal specialist in a diurnal world. This adaptation keeps it alive, but it also makes it hard to see. Most people never know it is there. That is perhaps the best outcome possible. It just wants to eat a snail. It carries on.