digs burrows on subantarctic slopes
- Size
- Length: 25-28 cm, Weight: 150-200 g
- Lifespan
- 15-20 years
- Diet
- Carnivorous - strains krill, copepods, and other small crustaceans from seawater using lamellae in the bill. Forages by hydroplaning with head submerged.
- Habitat
- Open subantarctic and temperate oceans. Breeds on remote islands in burrows dug into coastal slopes, grasslands, and forest edges. Rarely approaches mainland.
- Range
- Circumpolar in subantarctic and temperate southern oceans. Breeds on islands including the Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell, Snares, and Chatham groups.
- Endemism
- Native
- Main Threats
- Introduced predators on breeding islands including rats, mice, and cats. Climate change affecting krill availability. Plastic ingestion at sea.
- Population
- Global population estimated at 15 million birds, making it one of the most abundant prion species. New Zealand breeding population concentrated on subantarctic islands.
- Conservation Status
- Not Threatened
- Human Risk
- harmless
- Handling Note
- seabird, do not approach or disturb on nesting grounds
- Conservation Note
- Native prion; breeds on subantarctic islands and is widespread in Southern Ocean.
- Assessment
- NZTCS Birds (2021)
- Te Ao Māori
- The broad-billed prion has no recognised Māori name, as its breeding range is confined to subantarctic islands beyond traditional Māori voyaging routes. Prions belong to the wider petrel family, known in Māori tradition as the birds of Tangaroa, god of the sea. Their nightly visits to breeding colonies were seen as journeys between the ocean realm and the land. Though distant from mainland settlements, their presence in the southern oceans links them to the broader spiritual geography of the Pacific.
The bill defines the bird. It is wide, flattened, and fringed with fine combs that strain krill from seawater. The broad-billed prion does not chase its food. It sieves it. Flying low with head submerged, it filters the ocean like a tiny whale. That is not what most people expect from a bird. It works anyway.
At sea, the bird is small and grey. A dark M marking crosses the upperwings. The tail tip is black. Flight involves rapid, twinkling wingbeats low to the water, twisting through swells. From a distance, a flock looks like grey moths fleeing the tide. Close up, the bill gives it away. Nothing else in the Southern Ocean has a bill quite like this. The structure is unique. The function is precise.
Feeding relies almost exclusively on crustaceans, particularly krill and copepods. The lamellae inside the bill are fine enough to strain particles as small as a millimetre. The prion flies into a patch of krill, dips its head, and paddles forward. Water flows through the bill. Krill stays behind. Swallow. Repeat. This method requires calm seas and dense prey patches. It is efficient when conditions allow.
Breeding colonies are enormous. Millions of birds occupy some islands. The noise at night is overwhelming. A constant chattering, purring, whistling sound rolls across the slopes like a wave. Each bird has its own burrow, dug into deep soil among tussocks or under ferns. The burrows are dark, damp, and surprisingly cosy. They provide shelter from the wind and predators.
A single white egg arrives. Both parents incubate in shifts of two to three days. The chick hatches covered in grey down. Growth is slow. It is fed on regurgitated krill oil. That oil is energy dense. It keeps the chick alive while both parents forage hundreds of kilometres away. The investment is high. The return is a single fledgling.
The broad-billed prion is the largest of the prions, but that is not saying much. It still fits in the palm of your hand. Light as air. Built for a life spent almost entirely on the wing. It lands only to breed and to rest on the water. Everything else happens in the air. The bird is a creature of the open ocean, tied to land only by the necessity of reproduction.
In New Zealand waters, it is common but seldom seen from land. The subantarctic islands are its stronghold. The Antipodes. The Aucklands. Campbell. The Snares. On these islands, it is everywhere. Walking through a prion colony at night means stepping carefully. The burrows are everywhere. The birds do not move. They trust the darkness. They trust the soil. And mostly, they are right.