rarest gull, braided rivers only

Size
Length: 35–40 cm, Weight: 250–350 g
Lifespan
15–20 years
Diet
Omnivorous. Feeds on earthworms, insects, fish, carrion, and human refuse. Follows ploughs for exposed invertebrates. Gathers at landfills. Steals food from other birds.
Habitat
Braided riverbeds for breeding; farmland and coastal margins otherwise. Nests in dense colonies on gravel in shallow scrapes. Vulnerable to spring floods washing away nests.
Range
Found throughout South Island and lower North Island. Breeds on braided riverbeds in Canterbury, Otago, and Southland. Winters along coastlines and at lakes nationwide.
Endemism
Endemic
Main Threats
Predation by introduced mammals including cats, stoats, ferrets, and rats. Habitat loss from riverbed modification, hydro schemes, and irrigation. Disturbance from vehicles.
Population
Most endangered gull on planet, endemic to New Zealand. Fewer than 20,000 individuals remain. Population crashed by over 70% since 1960s. Extinction likely without intervention.
Conservation Status
Nationally Critical
The Black-billed Gull is essentially a professional gambler that has run out of luck. It is a gull that is losing. This bird breeds on braided riverbeds, vast and shifting landscapes of grey shingle. These exposed areas offer zero shelter but one hundred percent visibility. The Tarāpuka's entire evolutionary strategy relied on the idea that these rivers were too dangerous for ground predators. If a cat or stoat tried to cross, the roaring channels were a death trap. For the gull, it was a sanctuary. Then humans arrived. They decided the rivers needed fixing. Rivers were channelled and dammed for power. Flow was regularised so catchments could become stable farmland. By making rivers safe for humans, they became highways for predators. Now cats, ferrets, and hedgehogs stroll onto gravel banks. They treat nesting colonies like an all-you-can-eat buffet. The Nationally Critical tag is not just a label. It is the result of turning a fortress into a flat dining table. Visually, they are the refined, indie version of the Red-billed Gull. They are smaller, with a slender black bill and a contemplative expression. It looks as if they are constantly doing the maths on survival and not liking the results. Outside breeding season, they follow tractors through paddocks. They act like feathered shadows, picking up invertebrates. They try to stay ahead of a population decline that has seen numbers plummet. There are fewer than 20,000 left. The braided river is grey. The gull nests on the shingle. A cat strolls onto the bank. The eggs are eaten. The gull tries again next year. It does not know its fortress is gone. It does not know it is nationally critical. It just wants to raise chicks. Persistence only gets you so far when the river is no longer on your side. The black-billed gull is proof. It carries on.