winters off the northern coasts
- Size
- Length: 41-48 cm, Weight: 300-600 g
- Lifespan
- 10-15 years
- Diet
- Omnivorous and kleptoparasitic - steals fish from other seabirds. Also eats small birds, rodents, insects, carrion, and berries when piracy fails.
- Habitat
- Open ocean and coastal waters. Breeds on Arctic tundra near coasts. Winters at sea in the Southern Hemisphere, often near coastal shelves.
- Range
- Breeds across Arctic Europe, Asia, and North America. Winters at sea throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and around New Zealand's northern and eastern coasts.
- Endemism
- Visitor
- Main Threats
- Climate change affecting Arctic breeding habitat and lemming prey populations. Incidental bycatch in fishing gear. Pollution including plastic and chemical contaminants at sea.
- Population
- Global population estimated at 1-2 million birds. In New Zealand, a regular summer visitor to offshore waters, most commonly seen from the North Island coast.
- Conservation Status
- data_deficient
- Human Risk
- caution
- Handling Note
- aggressive near nests, can dive-bomb and draw blood
- Conservation Note
- Rare vagrant seabird; not assessed for conservation status in New Zealand.
- Te Ao Māori
- The Arctic skua has no recorded Māori name. Its New Zealand presence is limited to irregular visitor sightings. It does not have established populations. Its rare appearances off northern New Zealand coasts place it within a broader tradition. This tradition involves kuaka. These are the migratory shorebirds and seabirds that arrive from distant lands. They carry with them stories of places far beyond the horizon. The skua is part of this group. It represents distance. It represents movement. This view persists. The bird remains a visitor.
A sleek, dark seabird built like a fighter jet with anger management issues. The Arctic skua spends the northern summer terrorising seabird colonies across the Arctic tundra. Then it flies south to do the same thing all over again in the Southern Ocean. Some birds migrate for warmth. This one migrates for the pleasure of being a consistent nuisance. The motivation is clear. It enjoys the chase.
On the wing, it looks like a pumped-up tern with a bad reputation. Two central tail feathers extend past the rest. They trail like aerial whiskers. This is useful for identification. It is also useful for looking slightly unhinged. That suits the bird perfectly. The appearance matches the behaviour. The behaviour is aggressive. The appearance supports it.
It hunts small birds, rodents, and insects on its breeding grounds when it has to. But that is honest work. The Arctic skua prefers a less honourable trade. It chases other seabirds. Terns, kittiwakes, and puffins are targets. It forces them to drop or disgorge their catch. The victim flees, twisting and screaming. The skua follows. It is silent. It is close. It waits for a mistake. When the food falls, the skua catches it midair. No thanks are offered. No apology is given. The transaction is one-sided.
This is called kleptoparasitism. It is a fancy word for piracy. The skua is very good at it. The technique is refined. The success rate is high. It relies on the weakness of others. It exploits their fear. It does not hunt. It steals.
Breeding takes it to open Arctic tundra. It scrapes a shallow depression in the moss. It lays two spotted eggs. Both parents defend the territory with dives and vocal threats. A skua that has decided you are too close will not negotiate. It will simply escalate. The defence is immediate. It is intense. It discourages intrusion.
Outside the breeding season, it lives entirely at sea. It follows storms and frontal systems where food concentrates. It does not land for months at a time. It sleeps on the water. It eats on the wing. It is a life stripped down to movement and theft. There is no rest. There is only the next opportunity.
The dark and pale colour morphs appear across the population. These are two distinct plumage forms. Possibly camouflage. Possibly evolution having a fun afternoon. The variation exists. The reason is unclear. It does not matter for survival. Both forms succeed.
In New Zealand waters, Arctic skuas are regular summer visitors. They arrive in October. They leave in April. Most are seen from headlands and beaches. They chase other seabirds. They scream. The presence is seasonal. It is predictable. The call is a harsh, chattering "kee-kee-kee". It is often given in flight. It sounds like a warning. It is one. The bird announces its intent. It does not hide it. It carries on.