breeds on cliffs far from the sea
- Size
- Length: 40-45 cm, Weight: 550-800 g
- Lifespan
- Up to 20 years
- Diet
- Feeds on Antarctic krill, small fish and squid. Seizes prey from the surface while swimming, or plunge-dives to around 1.5 m depth.
- Habitat
- Open Southern Ocean and pack-ice. Breeds on snow-free cliff faces and rocky nunataks, sometimes 350 km inland and up to 1,600 m above sea level.
- Range
- Circumpolar in the Southern Ocean, most common in the Ross and Weddell Seas. Occasionally reaches New Zealand as a storm-driven vagrant.
- Endemism
- Visitor
- Main Threats
- Climate change reducing sea-ice extent and altering krill availability. South polar skua predation on eggs and chicks at breeding colonies.
- Population
- Population estimated at 10 to 20 million adults. Colonies can exceed 200,000 pairs, with one site potentially holding a million birds.
- Conservation Status
- data_deficient
- Human Risk
- harmless
- Handling Note
- seabird, do not approach or disturb on nesting grounds
- Conservation Note
- Rare vagrant seabird; not assessed for conservation status in New Zealand.
- Te Ao Māori
- No traditional Māori name exists for this species. It belongs entirely to the world of the deep south. It does not feature in oral tradition or whakataukī. It arrives on New Zealand shores only as a rarity. It is storm-driven. It is usually not in good condition. Its significance in a New Zealand context is ecological. It is not cultural. It serves as a reminder. The Southern Ocean system connects Antarctica to the country's subantarctic islands. It also connects to the southern coastline. This link is physical. It is not symbolic. The bird represents distance.
Most seabirds have the decency to live somewhere accessible. This one has elected to breed on bare rock faces hundreds of kilometres inside Antarctica. It chooses altitudes that would trouble a mountaineer. The colonies are synchronised. Nearly every egg in the neighbourhood hatches within the same week. It is an arrangement that raises questions. What, exactly, counts as a good location? The bird does not care. It has made its choice. It sticks to it.
In the air, it is a purposeful machine. The Antarctic Petrel glides on stiffly held wings. It crosses open ocean and pack-ice. It covers enormous distances between breeding colony and feeding ground. There is minimal fuss. The plumage helps identification. A chocolate-brown head and back are cut cleanly against white underparts. A broad white wing bar completes the look. It is unmistakable at range. Against the grey and white of the Southern Ocean, it stands out. It looks like something that knows it does. The confidence is visible.
Feeding is done on the water's surface. Or just below it. A shallow plunge occurs. A surface grab follows. Krill or small fish are secured. Nothing is elaborate. The diet is Antarctic krill above all else. Squid and fish supplement the menu when available. Large flocks gather around productive water. They sometimes operate alongside foraging whales. The efficiency is quiet. The system has been running a very long time. It requires no modification. It works.
Breeding pairs return to the same nest site each year. They usually return to each other. They lay a single egg. Incubation happens in shared shifts over six weeks. One chick is raised through a six-week nestling period. South polar skuas take some eggs. Some eggs roll out of the nest and freeze. The hatching rate is 70 to 90 per cent. This is good by Antarctic standards. That is a low bar. The bird clears it.
New Zealand sees this bird occasionally. And reluctantly. Mostly in winter. Mostly storm-wrecked on west coast beaches. In 1978, several hundred turned up around Fiordland and Stewart Island. Seventy-seven were found dead. The Antarctic Petrel is not a visitor. It is a casualty of weather. It is briefly and inconveniently present. Then the Southern Ocean reasserts its claim. The bird belongs elsewhere. It does not belong here. The stay is accidental. The departure is inevitable. It carries on.